Analysis and Design of
Aircraft Structures, 1949 Revised Edition
by E.F. Bruhn (an aircraft based book but teaches
basic stress analysis extremely well.*
ANC-18 Design of Wood Aircraft Structures (not much
directly applicable to yachts, but can be mined for some good structural
information
An In-House Low-Cost Program for Testing Laminates by
Robert A. Schofield (a primary source for our sections on testing, Professional
Boatbuilder August/September 1997
Composite Materials Handbook
Volume 1: Polymer Matrix Composites, Guidelines for
Characterization of Structural Material, MIL-HDBK-17-1F
Volume 2: Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Properties, MIL-HDBK-17-2F
Volume3: Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis,
MIL-HDBK-17-3F
Volume4: Metal Matrix Composites, MIL-HDBK-17-4A
Volume5: Ceramic Matrix Composites, MIL-HDBK-5
Desktop Engineering (monthly free subscription www.deskeng.com )
Engineering Mathematics by K.A. Stroud & Dexter J. Booth
High Performance Composites (bi-monthly free subscription www.compositesworld.com )
Laminar Aircraft
Sturcutres by Alex Strojnik (not necessary to read but
was consulted for our section on materials testing
Machinery’s Handbook
published by Industrial Press
Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers by Avallone & Baumeister
Marks’ Mechanics by
Larry Silverberg & James P. Thrower
Materials Properties Handbook - For Marine and Aerospace
Construction by Thomas A. MacNaughton* (An exploration of moduli)
Mechanics of Composite
Structures by Laslo P. Kollar & George S. Springer
Practical Stress Analysis for Design Engineers by
Jean-Claude Flabel (an aircraft based text by a lot of useful thinking in it)
Roark’s Formulas for Stress
and Strain by Warren C. Young & Richard G. Budynas*
Wood Handbook – Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Products Laboratory
(This book may be downloaded in .pdf format at http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/fplgtr113.htm
www.efunda.com for materials and engineering research
www.matweb.com for materials properties research
Calibrated Weights (These are described and sourced under the testing section below and are used with the Cantilevered Beam Test Fixture)
Cantilevered Beam Test Fixture (This is the simplest materials testing fixuture. See the plans under "What You Will Receive with This Lesson.)
Universal Test Machine (Plans for
this machine and add-on fixtures are given under "What You Will Receive with
This Lesson" below. The operating
instructions are given later in these lessons.
Strojnk Test Jig (Rough jig likely buildable from parts wyou can
scrounge from family and friends, but not a very good solution. See plans,
operation instructions, and math later in these lessons.
The Laminator by www.thelaminator.net (a $29 program to analyze composite laminates. This program is required.
Introduction
Basic Materials Science
The Internal Structure of Materials
Stress Versus Strain
Tensile Strength
Compression Strength
Shear Strength
Proportional Limit
Elastic Limit
Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength
Poisson’s Ratio
Ductility
Creep
Isotropic Versus Non-Isotropic Materials
Basic Structural Analysis
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity and related Moduli
Relating Material Constants
Stiffness
Moment of Inertia & Buckling
Polar Moment of Inertia, Torsion, Torque, and Shaft Design
Section Modulus & Bending
Beam Theory
Stress and Deflection in Marine Structures
Panel Theory
Avoidance of Stress Concentration
Differences Between Isotropic and Non-Isotropic Materials
Fastenings & Joints
Materials Properties
Fatigue Characteristics & Fatigue Limits
Safety Factors as Determined by Fatigue Limits & Analysis Limitations
Evaluating the Number of
Significant Digits
Explanation of Statics
Statics Versus Dynamics
Impact Studies
Vibration
Vector Analysis - Graphic
Vector Analysis - Calculated
Marine Environmental Factors
Composite Structures
Additional
Concepts Needed
Micromechanics of Composite Structures
Rule of Mixtures & Modified Rule of Mixtures
Composite Laminates Evaluation Programs
Introduction to Using “The Laminator”
Theory of Composite Beams
Theory of Composite Panels
Testing
Introduction
Test Equipment
Importance of Standardized Tests
Sources of Materials & Equipment
To Measure Stress
Versus Strain in Various Ways
Determining the Flexural Modulus Using a Cantilevered Beam
Flexural Modulus Using the Universal Test Machine & Force Gauge
Tensile Testing Using UTM
Shear Testing of Materials Using UTM
Core Shear Using UTM
Cored Beams in Bending
Pins in Shear and Double Shear Using UTM
For Compression Strength
Determining Poisson’s Ratio
Determining Modulus of Elasticity in Bending
Special Considerations for Composites
Not Using Fully Distributed Load Testing & Why
Real World Testing
Standard Deviation for Evaluating Number of Samples and Test Results
Scale Model Testing
Proper and Improper Use of Structural Analysis & Testing in Vessel Design
Development of Judgment
A Broader Understanding of
Structural Questions
Functionality
Simplicity
Durability
Ease of Repair
Ease of Production
Fatigue Avoidance
Design Methodology
Design Through Testing
Design Through Mathematical Models
Combining Analysis & Testing
Developing Minimum Standards for Hull Structures
Minimum Strengths
Minimum Stiffness
Safety Factors by Material as Determined by Their Fatigue Limits
Impact Criteria
Why Linear Measurements Are Not the Way to Go
Cube Root of the Displacement in Cubic Feet
Cautions on the Limitations of Various Certification Societies
Static Versus Dynamic Assumptions & Other Questions
Special Topics
Multihull Beam
Design
Special
Calculations in Exotic Keel Types
Submarine Design Basics as an
Exercise
Foundry Work
Simple Machines
Ports & Windows
Types of Structures and Mathematical Solutions
An Introduction to Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain
Limitations of the Structural Analyses in This Lesson
More Exotic Analysis Methods
Use of Differentiation &
Integration in Achieving More Accurate Results
Finite Element Analysis Introduced
Computational Fluid Dynamics Introduced
Introduction to On Screen Math Packages
Information Sources
Appendix A: Standard Deviation Spreadsheet
Lesson 12:
Lesson 13: